A Word on One Church’s Teaching
When Missouri Right to Life is questioned about the death penalty, the question usually comes from a
member of the Catholic Church in something like the following form: “How can you claim to be pro-life when
you do not oppose the death penalty?” This section is added because of the frequency of questions from
Catholics on this issue, not to single out the Catholic Church on the basis of its teachings. If other religious
traditions have questions about MRL’s position based on their own church’s teachings on capital punishment,
then MRL will be happy to address them.
MRL’s members come from many religious traditions. The Catholic members of MRL believe that
MRL’s position is consistent with Catholic teaching. The Catholic Church teaches that protecting innocent life
is of paramount importance, involving a principle that can never be subject to considerations of particular
circumstances, while opposition to the death penalty depends on a prudential judgment about the circumstances
of society in modern times. MRL focuses its efforts on reforming society to honor the paramount principle, and
it lets other organizations address the principles of secondary importance that depend on societal circumstances.
His Holiness John Paul II brought opposition to the death penalty to the fore in the teaching of the
Catholic Church in a manner never undertaken by his predecessors. In his magnificent encyclical, Evangelium
Vitae (1995), John Paul II taught that although capital punishment was once a legitimate form of punishment
because it was necessary for the protection of society, it is legitimate no longer. Modern societies can protect
themselves against the worst criminals without it. (Evangelium Vitae
, no. 56.) This is a prudential judgment,
yet a clear papal teaching which, it is understood, Catholics are bound to follow.
However, His Holiness contrasted the respect which is to be shown for the lives of convicted criminals
with the absolute protection to be provided to the innocent. As he stated,
If such great care must be taken to respect every life, even that of criminals and unjust
aggressors, the commandment "You shall not kill" has absolute value
when it refers to the
innocent person. And all the more so
in the case of weak and defenseless human beings, who
find their ultimate defence against the arrogance and caprice of others only in the absolute
binding force of God's commandment. (Evangelium Vitae
, no. 57, emphasis added.)
The protection for the innocent and vulnerable is absolute, in contrast to the protection of the guilty,
which depends on whether society can protect itself from them or not. And to underscore the importance of the
absolute protection to be given the innocent, His Holiness issued the following solemn pronouncement:
Therefore, by the authority which Christ conferred upon Peter and his Successors, and in
communion with the Bishops of the Catholic Church, I confirm that the direct and voluntary
killing of an innocent human being is always gravely immoral. This doctrine, based upon that
unwritten law which man, in the light of reason, finds in his own heart (cf. Romans 2:14-15), is
reaffirmed by Sacred Scripture, transmitted by the Tradition of the Church and taught by the
ordinary and universal Magisterium. (Id
.)
It is hard to find a more authoritative statement in Catholic teaching than one stated “by the authority which
Christ conferred upon Peter” and resting upon Scripture, Tradition, and the ordinary and universal Magisterium.
The bishops of the United States agree that direct attacks on vulnerable innocent humans is of first
priority. “As disciples of Christ, as bishops in his church, our first concern for human life has to be for those
who are unwanted—with fatal results—by their parents or their children, or by society itself. Such as these fall
victim to the ultimate abuse of abortion or euthanasia.” U. S. Conference of Catholic Bishops, “Faithful for Life,
A Moral Reflection,” p. 2 (September, 1995) (on-line at http://www.usccb.org/prolife/tdocs/FaithfulForLife.pdf).
“Yet abortion and euthanasia have become preeminent threats to human dignity because they directly attack life
itself, the most fundamental human good and the condition for all others. USCCB, “Living the Gospel of Life: