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comprehensible input. ELLs can and should be encouraged to use knowledge of their first
language to enhance vocabulary development; vocabulary needs to be in the context of connected
discourse so that it is meaningful. Strategic use of the student's first language is important to
ensure linguistic, affective, cognitive, and academic development in English.
(5) Current research stresses the importance of effectively integrating second language acquisition
with quality content area education in order to ensure that ELLs acquire social and academic
language proficiency in English, learn the knowledge and skills, and reach their full academic
potential. Instruction must be linguistically accommodated in accordance with the English
Language Proficiency Standards (ELPS) and the student's English language proficiency levels to
ensure the mastery of knowledge and skills in the required curriculum is accessible. For a further
understanding of second language acquisition needs, refer to the ELPS and proficiency-level
descriptors adopted in Chapter 74, Subchapter A, of this title (relating to Required Curriculum).
(6) Oral language proficiency holds a pivotal role in school success; verbal engagement must be
maximized across grade levels (Kinsella, 2010). In order for students to become thinkers and
proficient speakers in science, social studies, mathematics, fine arts, language arts and reading,
and career and technical education, they must have multiple opportunities to practice and apply
the academic language of each discipline (Fisher, Frey, & Rothenberg, 2008).
(7) Statements that contain the word "including" reference content that must be mastered, while those
containing the phrase "such as" are intended as possible illustrative examples.
(b) Knowledge and skills.
(1) Developing and sustaining foundational language skills: listening, speaking, discussion, and
thinking--oral language. The student develops oral language through listening, speaking, and
discussion. The student is expected to:
(A) listen actively, ask relevant questions to clarify information, and answer questions using
multi-word responses;
(B) follow, restate, and give oral instructions that involve a short, related sequence of actions;
(C) share information and ideas about the topic under discussion, speaking clearly at an
appropriate pace and using the conventions of language;
(D) work collaboratively with others by following agreed-upon rules for discussion, including
listening to others, speaking when recognized, and making appropriate contributions; and
(E) develop social communication such as introducing himself/herself and others, relating
experiences to a classmate, and expressing needs and feelings.
(2) Developing and sustaining foundational language skills: listening, speaking, reading, writing, and
thinking--beginning reading and writing. The student develops word structure knowledge through
phonological awareness, print concepts, phonics, and morphology to communicate, decode, and
spell. The student is expected to:
(A) demonstrate phonological awareness by:
(i) producing a series of rhyming words;
(ii) recognizing spoken alliteration or groups of words that begin with the same
spoken onset or initial sound;
(iii) distinguishing between long and short vowel sounds in one-syllable words;
(iv) recognizing the change in spoken word when a specified phoneme is added,
changed, or removed;