Climate Informed Flood Design Elevation
Since most areas have FEMA FIRM maps, unless it is a large scale project that warrants more detailed
analysis or FIRM data is not available, it is recommended that the FEMA base flood elevation (which is
generally based on a 1% AEP) be used as the basis for design elevation.
ASCE Manual of Practice No. 140 recommends that current freeboard standards used in ASCE 24 be
adopted when considering climate informed flood design.
For assets intended to have a long service life, considerations of future SLR should be included in the
determination of the elevations, so it is recommended that the projected SLR be added to the BFE to
obtain a Future BFE (FBFE). Freeboard should then be added to this FBFE to serve as a factor of safety.
It should be noted that with increases in sea-level, the effects of surge, wave heights or wave runup will
change, potentially extending the hazard area beyond the zone quantified by the BFE + SLR.
ASCE Manual of Practice No. 140 further recommends that long-term structures include an
accommodation for SLR based on a benefit-cost or feasibility assessment that weighs costs against
various SLR projections (e.g. low, middle, high). When project elements can be designed without
significant implications to a higher level (up to a plausible upper-bound SLR projection) they should be,
otherwise they should be designed so that additional protection can be added at a later date if SLR
levels in the future make that appropriate.
Because the uncertainty of future SLR predictions increases exponentially with time, making design
decisions at projected times too far into the future (100 years) may prove overly conservative, or
inefficient. It is recommended that engineering design decisions be made at a mid-term outlook on the
order of 50 years. When making such mid-term projections, provisions should be included in the initial
design to accommodate adjustments to the design flood elevation as necessary. Flood elevations should
be evaluated periodically, and updated as necessary.
Climate Informed Design for Riverine Flooding
To plan for flooding in Riverine zones, the amount of rainfall is estimated using Intensity-Density-
Frequency (IDF) curves that relate the intensity of the rainfall to the duration of the rainfall. IDF curves
are derived from historical rainfall data and published for different levels of storm frequency (10-year
recurrence interval, 100-year recurrence interval, etc.) A shorter duration storm will have a higher
intensity of rainfall (measured in inches per hour) than a longer duration storm. The total volume of
water generated by a rainfall event is the product of the intensity and the duration. During a rainfall
event, a portion of the water infiltrates and the remainder must be managed as surface runoff. The
amount of surface runoff is determined by estimating the area of permeable surfaces versus
impermeable surfaces. Naturally, areas that are developed are converted from largely permeable
surfaces to impermeable surfaces, which increases the amount of runoff. The interaction between
runoff and infiltration, while simplified in this discussion, is quite complex making understanding the