Fair & Equitable • June 2013
3
N
ew Mexico has 33 counties, all at various levels of
automation and geographic information system
(GIS) adoption. The New Mexico Taxation and
Revenue Department (TRD), via its Property Tax Division
(PTD), provides the local county assessment community
with GIS and data automation support to encourage the
use of automated mapping and to apply standards for data
collection and processing.
There are many business drivers for the statewide aggre-
gation and standardization of parcel data—the relatively
recent New Mexico Broadband Program (an initiative
aimed at defining broadband availability and enhancing
its adoption), wildland fire response support, public safety,
and enhanced property information are some of the most
visible. The cooperation among and support of the state
agencies that collect, aggregate, consume, and publish
geospatial data have made it possible for many programs
to benefit from the efforts of GIS-related programs.
Project History
In 2006 the Federal Geographic Data Committee (FGDC)
Cadastral Subcommittee was funded by the Office of
Wildland Fire of the U.S. Department of the Interior to
assemble and standardize available digital parcel data
within wildland fire hazard areas. The U.S. Forest Service
and Department of Interior wildland fire groups had pre-
viously determined wildland fire modeling could be used
in conjunction with mapped structure location points to
determine from a planning perspective how and where
to deploy resources to fight the fire. The locally collected
and maintained parcel data were identified as the most
current and reliable source for structure locations on pri-
vately owned lands.
The first collection of parcel data for this effort in New
Mexico, in 2007, was a very labor-intensive process. Each
county was individually called or visited, and the wildland
fire project goals and data needs were explained. The
benefits of the data sharing were explained by using the
experiences from Montana. Because the parcel data from
New Mexico had not been used in fire response, no local
examples were possible.
Almost half of the state was covered in that first year. Lo-
cal data were aggregated, and information on structure
locations was extracted to create a structure point file that
could be viewed in the Wildland Fire Decision Support
System (WFDSS).
In 2008 the data collection and aggregation became
easier. The counties were now familiar with the wildland
fire uses, and TRD/PTD’s role in the effort was better un-
derstood. TRD/PTD sent a letter to each county assessor
in January 2008 requesting that available parcel data be
provided to TRD, which would then standardize the data
and provide it to the Wildland Fire Program. The stan-
dardization of the locally provided data was not done in
the 2007 collection, so this processing was an added step.
The statements made or opinions expressed by authors in Fair & Equitable do not necessarily represent a policy position of the
International Association of Assessing Officers.
New Mexico Statewide Parcel Data
Larry Brotman, Nancy von Meyer, Ph.D., and Sharon Schiebold
Photo courtesy of MarbleStreetStudio.com
4
Fair & Equitable • June 2013
In the 2008 collection effort parcel polygons were used
if they were available. In a few of the high-hazard areas,
site address points from the 911 systems were used as a
surrogate to locate structure points. These locally provided
address locations were produced by the state’s Enhanced
911 (E-911) Program/Rural Addressing Program and
were used in only a few counties. The address data were
not widely available in 2008. The resulting data delivery
was a mix of parcel information and structure locations
and is summarized in figure 1.
In 2010 and 2011 the structure locations were updated
from the site address points only. As a function of the E-911
Program of the Department of Finance and Administra-
tion (DFA), most of the state’s counties have been using
a GIS-based application to map road centerlines, assign
site addresses, and create point features to represent loca-
tions for emergency dispatch purposes. From a Wildland
Fire Program perspective, TRD and the subcommittee’s
interest in this program was piqued when it learned of
Lincoln County’s use of an E-911/rural addressing exten-
sion that allows assessor parcel attributes to be stored with
address points and their respective data. Again, as the use
of WFDSS has been refined, integrating the address points
so diligently developed by counties for rural addressing
and E-911 may prove to be very beneficial when digital
parcel polygons are not available or are in a format sup-
portive of the application. Although supplemented with
data developed by the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS), this
concept was illustrated during the Trigo Fire.
The Trigo Fire
In April 2008 the Trigo Fire broke out between Torrance
and Valencia counties in the Manzano Mountains of cen-
tral New Mexico.
Using a combination of imagery, which is analyzed to
find color and signal characteristics of rooftops and man-
made structures, the USGS developed an initial inventory
of possible structure locations. In Valencia County parcel
data and assessment information, which indicate which
parcels had structures data, was combined with the imag-
ery results to verify the structure locations (see figure 2).
In some cases the imagery found structures that were not
on the tax roll; these structures were primarily either un-
der construction or ancient structures in Native American
country that were not on the tax roll. The image analysis
and parcel data assisted in identifying multiple structures
on the same parcel, generally indicating outbuildings or
agricultural use buildings. This information was of great
assistance to the fire response planning. Using this com-
bination of data proved that applying both a site address
inventory and the parcel data provided the most complete
effective solution to support wildland fire response plan-
ning.
Collaboration among personnel at Torrance County,
Valencia County, the U.S. Forest Service, the USGS, the
subcommittee, and TRD clearly demonstrated the benefits
derived from multi-jurisdictional collaboration in planning
Feature Article
Figure 1. Collection status in 2009
Figure 2. Extent of Trigo fire
Fair & Equitable • June 2013
5
for and responding to potentially catastrophic fire events.
The Little Bear Fire
Another key event occurred on June 4, 2012 when a light-
ning strike set off a wildland fire in Lincoln County, New
Mexico, in the White Mountain Wilderness area. Because
of available fuel and dry conditions, the fire spread quickly.
By the time the fire was fully contained, approximately
44,000 acres were involved. Figure 3 shows the final fire
perimeter in light red shading.
By using the WFDSS and parcel data from New Mexico,
an estimated 371 structures within the fire perimeter were
located, and slightly more than 12,000 structures in the
fire response planning area were involved. Post-fire analy-
sis determined that more than 250 homes and structures
were destroyed, making the Little Bear Fire one of the
most destructive fires in New Mexico’s history. The Fed-
eral Emergency Management Agency (FEMA) provided
more than $1 million to reimburse the county for costs
incurred from cleanup and response (http://www.kob.
com/article/stories/s2960949.shtml and http://www.to-
mudall.senate.gov/?p=press_release&id=1239).
The State Department of Homeland Security and Emer-
gency Management’s experience with the Little Bear Fire
in Lincoln County raised the awareness of the importance
of assessor parcel data, preferably in a standardized form.
The parcel data were recognized as an essential compo-
nent in working with federal entities such as FEMA to as-
sign value to property loss. The attribute richness of the
parcel data added more value to the structure locations
than the site address points alone.
2012 Data Collection and Standardization
While the site address points used in 2010 and 2011 did
provide an inventory of structure locations, information
on the structure or parcel use, the values and owner type
(public, private) were needed to further support wildland
fire response and cleanup. The effort that began in 2007
was renewed in 2012 with the collection and standardiza-
tion of the parcel mapping data.
A first step in this process was to finalize the state parcel
data standard for the aggregated parcel data. The table at
the end of this article lists the finalized New Mexico Parcel
Data Standard. This is a format for the counties to provide
parcel data to the New Mexico TRD/PTD or for TRD to
transform data provided by the counties. The goal of this
standard is the assembly and aggregation of the varying
county data into a common format that can be used for
analysis and display. This standard builds on the national
parcel publication standard, adding attributes specific to
New Mexico.
Mapping from the Property Identifier
A few New Mexico counties do not have GIS real property
parcel features, either as polygons or points, to represent
data contained within their property valuation or mass ap-
praisal systems. Many counties have computer-aided map-
ping, which does provide a computer-based map, but this
mapping cannot be readily linked to database attributes
from the computer-assisted mass appraisal (CAMA) sys-
tem. Often the computer-aided drafting (CAD) mapping
organizes the parcel maps into map sheet tiles, further
complicating the ability to combine the data into a single
database or a statewide data set. Figure 4 illustrates the
mapping technology used by the New Mexico counties.
At the very least, having GIS point features and their re-
spective data attributes represent parcels in the assessor’s
database can be highly beneficial to supporting data shar-
ing with entities concerned with public safety, asset and
property protection, and access to utility, transportation,
and communication (broadband) infrastructure.
With funding provided by the New Mexico Broadband
Program, three New Mexico counties, the TRD, and the
University of New Mexico’s Earth Data Analysis Center
(EDAC) have collaborated to develop a method that
geocodes the Uniform Property Code (UPC) assigned by
New Mexico county assessors to each property contained
within their respective appraisal/valuation systems. The
UPC is created through a reference to the Public Land
Survey System (PLSS) and is location based.
The three counties outlined in red in figure 4 were se-
lected as a pilot project to test whether the UPC, as pre-
Figure 3. Perimeter of Little Bear Fire
6
Fair & Equitable • June 2013
Feature Article
scribed in the New Mexico Mapping Manual, could be
used to generate a point location for parcels. The follow-
ing three counties were selected for the reasons indicated:
Catron County
Very limited “digital” parcel data
No way to “connect” assessor database with maps
Luna County
– Digital parcels in CAD only with the UPCs as an-
notation.
No connection between assessor database and maps
Mora County
GIS polygons 10+ years old and not maintained
since developed
No connection between assessor database and maps.
The UPC is, by definition, tied to the PLSS section and
section division lines. The UPC identifies a source line
and provides an offset distance from the source line to
the parcel centroid; this is shown in figure 5.
To run the geocoding, the standardized PLSS data were
processed to support relating the PLSS data to the UPC.
The process for determining section reference points was
as follows:
1. Convert Second Division (1/16-th aliquot part and
government lot) corners to vertices. The standard-
ized PLSS data set, CadNSDI, was used as the source
for these data.
2. Identify the vertex nearest to the prime meridian–
baseline intersection for each section.
3. Clean up any missing or incorrect near points
Figure 6 shows the resulting PLSS point grid used as the
base for geocoding or mapping the UPCs from the PLSS
data for Luna County.
The process for geocoding the UPCs was as follows:
1. Convert the UPC, for example, 3051135428286 is
recoded as NM230230S0090W0SN150.
2. Identify the section and its reference point.
3. Create a new point based on the number of feet east-
west (4,280 ft) and north-south (2,860 ft) within the
section. This is the UPC-coded parcel centroid.
Catron County Results
Catron County provided a unique challenge because it
covers two PLSS quadrants. The first time the UPC map-
ping routines were run on this data set, the points were
“mirrored and flipped.” After the mapping routines had
been corrected, there were still problems because many
points fell outside the county boundaries. Further inves-
tigation revealed that within the county assessment data
Figure 5. UPC format in New Mexico
Figure 4. Digital mapping environment in New Mexico
Fair & Equitable • June 2013
7
non-PLSS “dummy” codes were used to identify personal
property and mobile homes. The routine was further
modified to identify valid ranges of UPC numbers that
would be expected to map real property and land parcels.
There also were many duplicate UPC values that had to
be combined to successfully join the mapped points to
the assessor attributes.
Figure 7 shows a portion of the county mapped points
and a portion of the attribute table that was built from
the joined features.
Luna County Results
Luna County had very good parcel data in CAD maps drawn
and maintained in AutoDesk. The processing of UPC codes
was done to support migrating the data from CAD to GIS.
Again, as in Catron County, the valid range of UPC values for
the county was developed, and dummy codes for personal
property and mobile homes were eliminated. Luna County
had 87 separate CAD maps (.dwg files) covering the county.
For Luna County the UPC annotation on the CAD maps
produced the most accurate result. Because of the many
irregularities in the PLSS in Luna County, the annotation
data more accurately placed a point for each parcel re-
cord. Once Triadic (assessment software) attributes were
joined to UPC points, a spatial join could be used to join
the points/attributes to parcel polygons built from the
CAD maps, yielding parcel polygons with CAMA attributes.
Figure 8 illustrates the resulting map with the attributes
from the joined assessor tables shown in the list of attributes.
Mora County Results
In Mora County roughly half of the county area is covered
by a land grant. In April 2012 the state completed a project
to extend the PLSS line work across the land grants, cre-
ating a virtual index for the PLSS that could be used for
the UPC coding. This index was extended from the New
Mexico CadNSDI and is now a feature data set integrated
into the CadNSDI geodatabase. This extended PLSS is
not surveyed on the ground and is not an official legally
binding land description system. It is only a computer-
generated extension of the PLSS used for indexing and
defining the UPC for parcels in the land grant.
The Mora County pilot test identified some coordi-
nate rounding errors in exporting data. The rounding
was inherent in the data export routines in the ArcMap
software. This problem was fixed by changing the export
Figure 6. Sample PLSS point grid for mapping UPCs for Luna
County
Figure 7. Quemado UPC results for Catron County
Figure 8. Mapping results for Luna County
8
Fair & Equitable • June 2013
procedures, so the UPCs could be mapped in their correct
location. Figure 9 shows the resulting map.
Benefits and Challenges
There is significant value in building and maintaining a
seamless, statewide GIS parcel layer. Comprehensive digital
parcel maps, in addition to being critical components of the
property valuation and assessment processes in a county,
serve as an important reference source for city, county, re-
gional, state, federal, and nongovernmental entities that
depend upon accurate property maps to meet the needs of
their constituents. Decision support and business processes
at all levels of government that contribute to operations,
public health and safety, asset management, transportation,
economic development, and resource allocation, conserva-
tion, and management rely on current property maps to be
effective. When integrated with data representing themes
such as topography, satellite and aerial imagery, hydrogra-
phy, natural resources, transportation and utility networks,
administrative boundaries, structures, and cultural features,
property ownership maps are considered a critical compo-
nent of a state’s spatial data inventory and base map.
New Mexico completed a Parcel Data Business Plan in
2009. Some of the benefits and challenges of building an
aggregated statewide standardized parcel data set from
the locally developed data were documented in that plan.
The benefits of standardized parcel data for the state
were identified as follows:
The data can be placed in context with other state data
sets, providing solutions for many cross-jurisdictional
data needs.
The data provide an opportunity to establish partner-
ships and communication with local parcel producers.
The data provide communication and connection
with intergovernmental applications.
The data provide an essential data set for state opera-
tions to build other statewide parcel-based data sets.
The data increase the essential role of state coordination:
Property data (assessed value, market value, im-
provements, net taxable value, and so on) can be
viewed, symbolized, and analyzed in a map.
Sales transactions can be viewed, symbolized, and
analyzed in a map.
Inconsistency in assessed value versus sale prices
can be discovered.
Figure 10 shows the taxable values in Catron County sym-
bolized by the size of the circle; larger values have a larger
circle. Thus, it is possible to observe the value patterns at a
glance and identify any possible outliers. With statewide data
like this, values can be compared across county boundaries
and statewide values can be seen at a glance.
For emergency responders and other essential govern-
ment users, the standardized parcel data set
Feature Article
Figure 9. PLSS extended into the John Scolly Land Grant in Mora County
Fair & Equitable • June 2013
9
Reduces the time and level of effort required to obtain
parcel data
Reduces redundant efforts in collecting, assembling,
and analyzing locally produced parcel data
Increases the credibility of the products from emer-
gency response agencies because they know the cur-
rency and quality of their parcel information
Saves the time and expense of compiling locally pro-
duced parcel data sets each year
Allows for applications to be built around a consistent
data source.
For citizens affected by emergencies, the standardized
parcel data set
Ensures that important information to service the
needs of the citizens can be accessed in times of
emergency
Increases the value of the local taxpayer investment
by reducing duplicative collection
Allows local government staff to provide essential sup-
port other than data distribution during emergencies
Increases the likelihood that responding agencies will
coordinate their efforts, reducing response times to
citizens’ needs.
Moving Forward
One goal over the next few years is to mentor assessors and
their staff to modernize and improve their workflows and
Figure 10. Parcel points symbolized by total value for Catron County
10
Fair & Equitable • June 2013
Larry Brotman is the GIS Coordi-
nator for the New Mexico Taxation
and Revenue Department (TRD),
Information Technology Division. In
this capacity he serves as the primary
liaison for GIS (geographic informa-
tion systems) services and support to
TRD’s eight divisions including the
Property Tax Division (PTD). As a GIS
resource to PTD, Larry also provides
technical support and mapping guid-
ance to the state’s 33 county assessor
offices. Brotman has a master’s degree
in educational technology from the
University of New Mexico.
Nancy von Meyer, Ph.D., is vice
president of Fairview Industries in
Pendleton, South Carolina. She is
a nationally recognized leader in
land records and use of cadastral in-
formation for decision support. She
has been at Fairview Industries since
1983 and has more than 25 years of
GIS system design and implementa-
tion experience. Her efforts have
been applied in the areas of wildland
fire management, local land use
planning and management, energy,
and economic analysis.
Sharon Schiebold is a consultant with
Shared Vistas, LLC, in Grand Rapids,
Michigan. Sharon has 15 years of ex-
perience in county level parcel land
record administration and manage-
ment and 20 years of experience with
GIS. Sharon graduated from Michi-
gan State University with a combined
education in Natural Resource Man-
agement and Policy and Cartography.
Recently, Sharon has been active in
implementing the NSDI Cadastral
Standard for Wildland Fire in over
200 counties in 12 Western states.
business practices to create data (mapped and attributed)
that meet the state parcel data publishing standard. The
status of the parcel mapping and standardization efforts
as of December 2012 is as follows:
As a result of a UPC geocoding project with EDAC
(funded with Broadband money), the PTD has a
blend of county parcel points and polygons (mostly
polygons) with varying degrees of data attribution.
A near-term goal (a few months) is to build a standard-
ized statewide parcel point feature class converting
existing polygons to points and loading those along
with points from the UPC geocoding process in the
pilot counties; a long-term goal is to mentor the few
remaining counties without parcel polygons to mod-
ernize tools, skills, and workflows to develop data that
meet standards and allow for statewide standardized
parcel polygons.
Current efforts in parcel data aggregation are limited
by the availability of staff time for loading the parcel
polygons into the NSDI Core Parcel feature class within
the New Mexico CadNSDI (standardized GIS represen-
tation of the PLSS). The PTD does not distribute any
assessor parcel data, aggregated or not, to any entity
without the express permission of respective assessors.
A second important foundation theme for New Mexico is
the address points. These are used in emergency response,
broadband services mapping, and wildland fire manage-
ment. Assessors distinguish between “mailing address”
(where the treasurer’s property tax bill must go for pay-
ment) and “site address” or “situs” (the physical location
of a property if it has been assigned an address). There
are still a number of counties that do not record situs in
their assessor databases, but several do and this trend is
growing. The state maintains a site address point location
for other applications but is planning on merging the site
address efforts so the information is kept current and cor-
rect in all the databases that need the information.
Feature Article
Fair & Equitable • June 2013
11
Table. New Mexico Parcel Data Standard
Standard Field
Names
Field Type and
Length Description of Data Element
STNAME String (2) The state name
STFIPS String (2) The state FIPS code, two-digit code
CNTYNAME String (50) The county name
CNTYFIPS String (3) The county FIPS code, three-digit code
STCNTYFIPS String (5) The state and county FIPS codes combined as a single field. Used to relate and link the parcel information to other records. It creates a
unique national parcel identifier when used as a prefix to the local parcel number.
GNISID Integer (Long) The geographic names information system identifier for the local place for the parcel. The default value is the county GNIS number, but
as this data set develops, individual parcels may have a GNIS identifier, such as local parks or attractions.
SOURCEAGENT String (100) The originating agency or source of the information for the feature or the data steward for data set
PARNO String (25) The local parcel number for the parcel record
NPARNO String (25) The local parcel number with the state and county FIPS added to the beginning of the local parcel number
CAMAPROPID String (10) Unique property number assigned by the valuation/assessment system and associated with a specific parcel
CAMAID String (10) Unique account/owner number assigned by the valuation/assessment system and associated with a specific taxpayer
LOCID String (18) Unique parcel identifier generated by calculating X and Y coordinate values for a point located within a parcel polygon
PARUSECODE String (50) The local assessment parcel use code
PARUSEDESC String (100) The local assessment parcel use description
STRUCT String (1) Is there a structure or improvement on the parcel (Y = yes, N = no)?
MULTISTRUCT String (1) Does this parcel have multiple structures (Y = yes, N = no)? If the total number of structures is not known but it is known that there are
multiple structures, this is populated. It is also populated when the exact number of multiple structures is known and the STRUCTNO is
greater than 1.
STRUCTNO Integer (Long) The number of structures on the parcel. This is populated when the source data indicate how many structures. This is used primarily to
support emergency planning and response.
BLDGCLASS String (50) Building classification, that is, residential, commercial, and so on
BLDGTOTSQFT String (25) Total building square feet
BLDGTOTVAL Double Total value for all structures
IMPROVVAL Double Improved value
IMPRVLALMISC Double Total miscellaneous value
LANDVAL Double The value of the land on the parcel
PARVAL Double The total value of the parcel (IMPROVVAL + LANDVAL)
PARVALTYPE String (50) The type of value reported in the parcel value fields such as assessed or market value
ASSESSVAL Double Assessed value
ASSESSDATE Date Most recent assessment date (00/00/0000 format)
ASSESSDTTX String (15) Assessment date as a text
VETEXEM String (50) Veterans exemption number 1
VETEXEMAMT Double Veterans exemption number 1 amount applied
VETEXEMB String (50) Veterans exemption number 2
VETEXEMBAMT Double Veterans exemption number 2 amount applied
HEDHOUSEXEM Double Head of household exemption amount applied
DISABEXEM String (1) Disability exemption (Y= yes, N = no)
NETTAXVALUE Double Full taxable value less all exemptions
SDNDFA String (1) Property tax rate district (sometimes referred to as school district); DFA Certificate of Property Tax Rates category” identification
ZONING String (255) Legal zoning
OWNTYPE String (50) The owner type (e.g., federal, state, private). The domain of values for this attribute is international, tribal, federal, state, county, local,
private, nonprofit, other, unknown.
OWNNAME String (200) The primary surface owner name. The full name may be populated or the components of the name (first and last).
OWNFRST String (100) The primary surface owner first name
OWNLAST String (100) The primary surface owner last name
12
Fair & Equitable • June 2013
Feature Article
Table. New Mexico Parcel Data Standard
Standard Field
Names
Field Type and
Length Description of Data Element
SUBSURFOWN String (200) The name of the subsurface rights landowner
SUBOWNTYPE String (50) The subsurface owner type (see surface owner type domain list)
MAILADD String (200) The full mailing address as a single field. The mailing address may also be broken into its components.
MADDRNO String (10) The mailing address number
MADDSTNAME String (100) The mailing street name, the name without the type and directions
MADDPREF String (5) The mailing street prefix
MADDSTR String (50) The mailing street name, the name without the type and directions
MADDSTTYP String (10) The mailing street type, such as ST, AVE, BLVD
MADDSTSUF String (10) The mailing street suffix, typically a direction
MUNIT String (10) The mailing address unit, suite, or apartment number; may also be the half number
MCITY String (100) The mailing city name
MSTATE String (2) The mailing state name, two-letter abbreviation
MZIP String (15) The mailing ZIP code
SITEADD String (200) The full mailing address as a single field. The mailing address may also be broken into its component parts.
SADDNO String (10) The mailing address number
SADDSTNAME String (100) The mailing street name, the name without the type and directions
SADDPREF String (5) The mailing street prefix
SADDSTR String (50) The mailing street name, the name without the type and directions
SADDSTTYP String (10) The mailing street type, such as ST, AVE, BLVD
SADDSTSUF String (10) The mailing street suffix, typically a direction
SUNIT String (10) The mailing address unit, suite, or apartment number; may also be the half number
SCITY String (100) The mailing city name
LEGDECFULL String (255) The full tax legal description. This is generally needed when the parcel data do not include a map of the parcel.
LEGDECONE String (255) The full tax legal description
LEGDECTWO String (255) Legal description continued if one field is not enough
SUBDIVISION String (200) The name of the subdivision or condo that the parcel is in
TOWNSHIP Integer Township of parcel location
TOWNDIR String (1) Township direction (N = north, S = south)
RANGE Integer Range of parcel location
RANGEDIR String (1) Range direction (W = west, E = east)
SECTION Integer Section of parcel location
SALPRICE Double Sale price
SALDATE Date Sale date (00/00/0000 format)
SALDATETX String (15) Sale date as a text field
SALVALID String (1) Indicates “arms-length” transaction or other (Y = yes, N = no)
SALINVALID String (1) If the sale is invalid, explain.
SALASSESVAL Double Assessed value at time of most recent sale
SALVALAFTSL Double Assessed value following most recent sale
RECRDAREATX String (20) The record or recorded area as a text field. This may include the units of area as well.
RECRDAREANO Double The record or recorded area as a numeric field.
GISACRE Double The area of the feature in acres, computed from the GIS. This is not the record area.
SOURCEREF String (255) The reference to the source document. This could be a reference to a map or plat or a deed as well as including the document type.
SOURCEDATE Date The date of the source document (listed in the source reference) that was used to generate the parcel information
REVISEDDATE Date The date of the last revision of the parcel record. This may be the initial create date if that is the last revision.
REVDATETX String (15) The date (as text) of the last revision of the parcel record. This may be the initial create date if that is the last revision. Date as a text
field is useful to accommodate varying date formats from various databases.
(continued)